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 The executive order was quickly blocked by lower courts and has never been in effect.

The 14th Amendment's citizenship clause was ratified after the Civil War to ensure that formerly enslaved Black people have equal rights. For more than a century, it has been assumed to apply to everyone born in the U.S. with a few specific exceptions, such as the children of diplomats.

A federal immigration law enacted decades later uses similar language, including “subject to the jurisdiction thereof.”

The Supreme Court, in an 1898 ruling called United States v. Wong Kim Ark, ruled then that a man born in San Francisco to parents who were both from China was a U.S. citizen.

Trump's executive order was challenged in multiple courts by liberal states and civil rights groups representing individuals who would be affected by it. Every court to address the issue ruled against the Trump administration.